Technology What Are People For by Wendell Berry Essay Example

Technology: What Are People For by Wendell Berry Essay Question 3 is a passage from an excerpt from â€Å"What Are People For?† by Wendell Berry. This passage talks about the importance of how we take care of everything in the present for it to continue in the future. Technology has changed the world around us. We are the future generation that this passage is speaking about. Has technology taken over? What higher aim do we think this technological process is serving? Technology is growing every second we are here. I agree with the passage based on the argument that are given in which technology is growing dramatically. Humans are always looking for that way to be better. They want to be better in every aspect of their lives. Whether it is money, faith, or whatever it might be humans need to be â€Å"better.† In line 13, the passage says â€Å"The higher aims of â€Å"technological process† are money and ease.† What I believe the author was saying is that people make and are always trying to advance technology on the hope that they will receive money becoming wealthy in the process and to make a situation that was seemed to be difficult and make it less severe and have their name written all over it. People do not make new technologies just because its cool, they are always trying to advance it in order for their name to remembered and for the wealth that comes with it. In lines 14 and 15 the passage says â€Å"And this exalted greed for money and ease is disguised and justified by an obscure, cultish faith in â€Å"the future.† What this quote from the passage is telli ng us is that, people who are always trying to advance the technology in our world are nothing but fame wanters. In order to cover up what they truly want they tell the world and the people around them that it is based on what they think â€Å"the future† holds for us. They want us to believe that the future that is coming is going to be the way that media presents it to be and the way that we have always imagined it to be, the flyin We will write a custom essay sample on Technology: What Are People For by Wendell Berry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technology: What Are People For by Wendell Berry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technology: What Are People For by Wendell Berry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Domestication of Sesame Seed - Ancient Gift from Harappa

The Domestication of Sesame Seed - Ancient Gift from Harappa Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the source of edible oil, indeed, one of the oldest oils in the world, and an important ingredient in bakery foods and animal feed. A member of the family Pedaliaceae, sesame oil is also used in many health cure products; sesame seed contains 50-60% oil and 25% protein with antioxidant lignans. Today, sesame seeds are widely cultivated in Asia and Africa, with major production regions in Sudan, India, Myanmar and China. Sesame was first used in flour and oil production during the Bronze Age, and incense lamps containing sesame pollen have been found at Iron Age Salut in the Sultanate of Oman. Wild and Domesticated Forms Identifying wild from domesticated sesame is somewhat difficult, in part because sesame isnt completely domesticated: people have not been able to specifically time the maturing of the seed. The capsules split open during the maturing process, leading to varying degrees of seed loss and unripe harvesting. This also makes it likely that spontaneous populations will establish themselves around cultivated fields. The best candidate for sesames wild progenitor is S. mulayaum Nair, which is found in populations in western South India and elsewhere in south Asia. The earliest reported sesame discovery is in the Indus Valley civilization site of Harappa, within the mature Harappan phase levels of mound F, dated between 2700 and 1900 BC. A similarly dated seed was discovered at the Harappan site of Miri Qalat in Baluchistan. Many more instances are dated to the second millennium BC, such as Sangbol, occupied during the late Harappan phase in Punjab, 1900-1400 BC). By the second half of the second millennium BC, sesame cultivation was widespread in the Indian subcontinent. Outside the Indian Subcontinent Sesame was disbursed to Mesopotamia before the end of the third millennium BC, presumably through trade networks with Harappa. Charred seeds were discovered at Abu Salabikh in Iraq, dated to 2300 BC, and linguists have argued that the Assyrian word shamas-shamme and the earlier Sumerian word she-gish-i may refer to sesame. These words are found in texts dated to as early as 2400 BC. By about 1400 BC, sesame was cultivated in middle Dilmun sites in Bahrain. Although earlier reports exist in Egypt, perhaps as early as the second millennium BC, the most credible reports are finds from the New Kingdom including Tutankhamens tomb, and a storage jar at Deir el Medineh (14th-century BC). Apparently, the spread of sesame into Africa outside of Egypt occurred no earlier than about AD 500. Sesame was brought to the United States by enslaved people from Africa. In China, the earliest evidence comes from textual references that date to the Han Dynasty, about 2200 BP. According to the classic Chinese herbal and medical treatise called the Standard Inventory of Pharmacology, compiled about 1000 years ago, sesame was brought from the West by Qian Zhang during the early Han dynasty. Sesame seeds were also discovered at the Thousand Buddha Grottoes in the Turpan region, about AD 1300. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Plant Domestication, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Abdellatef E, Sirelkhatem R, Mohamed Ahmed MM, Radwan KH, and Khalafalla MM. 2008. Study of genetic diversity in Sudanese sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) germplasm using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(24):4423-4427. Ali GM, Yasumoto S, and Seki-Katsuta M. 2007. Assessment of genetic diversity in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) detected by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism markers. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 10:12-23. Bedigan D. 2012. African origins of sesame cultivation in the Americas. In: Voeks R, and Rashford J, editors. African Ethnobotany in the Americas. New York: Springer. p 67-120. Bellini C, Condoluci C, Giachi G, Gonnelli T, and Mariotti Lippi M. 2011. Interpretative scenarios emerging from plant micro- and macroremains in the Iron Age site of Salut, Sultanate of Oman. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(10):2775-2789. Fuller DQ. 2003. Further evidence on the prehistory of sesame. Asian Agri-History 7(2):127-137. Ke T, Dong C-h, Mao H, Zhao Y-z, Liu H-y, and Liu S-y. 2011. Construction of a Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Sesame Developing Seed by DSN and SMARTâ„ ¢. Agricultural Sciences in China 10(7):1004-1009. Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Bedigian D, Li X, Wang C, and Jiang H. 2012. Sesame Utilization in China: New Archaeobotanical Evidence from Xinjiang. Economic Botany 66(3):255-263.

A Critical Review in the Contemporary Themes in Youth Work Practice, Essay - 3

A Critical Review in the Contemporary Themes in Youth Work Practice, Thematic Area Mental Health and Emotional Wellbeing - Essay Example e within the presentation, evaluate the facts presented, review values that have been drawn from the presentation, and then draw a conclusion of the entire review. This essay will record about a lecturer’s presentation that was prepared by Perry (2010). The presentation is part of the publications by the ChildTrauma Academy and the material is described as a presentation because of the slides used in presenting the information. The presentation offers an introduction to the Neurosequential Model of Therapeutics (NMT), and in this regard, it discusses five core principles of the model. The principles discussed include brain organisation and function. The second principle is neurodevelopment and memory. The third principle is relational neurobiology and attachment. The fourth principle is stress, distress, and trauma, while the last principle is neglect. One of the key messages within the presentation is that the brain is an integral part of the human body and it accord humans the ability to experience humanity. This assertion is supported by the fact that the brain organ allows the human body to perform basic tasks like walking and talking, and even experiencing feelings like sadness or happiness (Brendtro, et al. 2009). On the issues of neurodevelopment and memory, Perry (2010) stated that the human brain develops overtime from conception and the rate of development after the age of three and four years becomes steady onwards whilst other body parts experience continued growth. Dobson and Perry (2010) supported this assertion by stating that human beings especially young people enhance their social and personal development through programmes under youth work, which is voluntary and complements formal education or training that also contributes to the development of young people. Therefore, youth work is part of the programmes that contribute to the steady development of the human brain. Thirdly, Perry (2010) stated that the timing, quantity, and nature of

Integrated Reading & Writing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Integrated Reading & Writing - Coursework Example The reason behind his suggestion is that, by supplementation a person will have tackled many issues with a single solution. One gets the vitamins yet, he or she avoids getting a cold. 6. Which of these people are cautious about it, or wish to find out more? Name them. (1.5) Sir Harris Burns is more cautious about the consumption of these supplements, and he states that there is need for a scientific consensus that is broader. He warns people that supplements in the diet can cause harm hence there is a need to wait for a study that is well randomised especially in large populations. He also wants to wait for a review conclusions of the evidence by the government of the UK scientific advisory committee on nutrition in the year 2014. He thinks that there is a need for a broader scientific consensus. In simpler the title is trying to show not only, the advantages of the vitamin pills supplementation compared to the nature intake of these vitamins. Vitamins might be very important in the body, but how does the consumption of this vitamin occur. Dietary Reference Values means the complete set of the reference values nutrient recommendations, such as population the average requirement, reference intakes, adequate levels of intake and an intake of a lower threshold. According to study, it was found out to be true for a woman to undergo a live pregnancy her partner must have taken an anti oxidant vitamin supplementation vitamin intake levels affect fertility adversely. On the second report, it is more based on why the vitamin intake is crucial and how it is used, and the effects of supplementation only it is not based on the normal intake of vitamin D unlike the first report, which clearly states the main source of vitamin D other than supplementation. The second report is more educational based on the vitamin supplementation intake thus it does not deal with one particular vitamin and it is supplementation alone. It is easily

Communication studies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication studies - Assignment Example A variety of definitions have been produced, yet the attempts to establish a single one seem to be not fruitful (Littlejohn and Foss 3). Thus, considering a few of existing definitions is the best way to understand the essence of the phenomenon. In scholarly literature, communication is considered within three major dimensions: level of observation or, in other words, abstractness, intentionality, and judgment. Within the first dimension, definitions of communication are viewed as broad (for example, communication is a process which relates discontinuous parts of the existing world) or restrictive (communication is a system used to communicate information and orders, through telegraph or telephones). Within the second dimension, the definition includes the dimension of intentionality. For example, communication is a term used to describe situations in which a source transmits a certain message to some receiver with a conscious intent to influence the behavior of the latter. Definitio ns that include judgment present communication within concepts of success, accuracy, effective outcome, etc. For instance, communication is a verbal interchange of some idea or thought (Littlejohn and Foss 4). ... The organizational structure includes employees, departments, their responsibilities, relations, resources, etc (Filipowska et al. 4). Organizational structures may be formal and informal. Virtually every company possesses a formal structure even if it is not strictly adhered to. Most companies also have an informal structure. It suggested that both structures are important for a company’s successful functioning, so it is necessary to learn their intricate characteristics. Formal structure is above all concerned with the existing relationship between authority and the junior. This is known as organizational hierarchy which starts with the most senior person at the top and ends with subordinate employees who are junior to managers of various levels. Informal structure is the one that develops around some project groups or some social groups. It is often grounded on camaraderie, which means people respond immediately and it is easier to continue working (Schatz, n.p.). The struc tures interact with each other in different situations: for instance, when the formal structure ceased to be effective people tend to rely more on the informal one, also working within formal structures, people may complete some tasks within informal structures, which saves time and effort. While communication in any organization is upward, downward, or horizontal (Lunenburg 2), there exist clear differences between the three. Upward communication takes place when the staffs communicate their ideas to a leader with the purpose of inform about some difficulties, clarify some tasks, complain about something etc. Downward communication encompasses communication which goes from higher levels to lower levels of an organization. It is

Development of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS)

Development of Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (CDDS) 1.1 CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CDDS) Now a day’s on the development of Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) marked consideration has been focused. The method of drug delivery to the site of action shows a significant effect on its efficacy. It leads to the development and evolution of novel drug delivery systems that enhanced performance of potential drug molecules. Novel drug delivery systems play a key role in pharmaceutical research and development. Since when compared new chemical moiety the developmental cost and time required for introducing NDDS is relatively low. Oral route remains one of the most ‘natural’ routes of drug administration and has seen remarkable accomplishments in the last couple of decades towards optimization of oral delivery of drug molecules. Oral ingestion is one of the oldest and most extensively used routes of drug administration. They provide an effective method of obtaining systemic and local effects. Drug delivery describes a process whereby a therapeutic agent is administered to the body in a controlled manner. The product’s commercial and clinical value, product differentiation can be improved by developed drug delivery technologies. These advanced technologies serve as an advanced resource to outreach the competition. By simplifying the administration and dosing regimen drug delivery technologies make medicine more acceptable and convenient to a patient. Any drug molecule by using Novel drug delivery system (NDDS) can get a ‘new life,’ and thus improving the competitiveness, patent life and market value. Among different NDDS present in the market, the major share in the market is hold by the oral controlled release systems because of its greater benefits of patient compliance and ease of administration. The development of novel and highly versatile delivery systems and osmotic drug delivery systems are the major contribution in oral NDDS. Basically, there are three novel modes of drug delivery, i.e. Targeted delivery, Modulated release and Controlled release. Targeted delivery refers to the administration of a drug carrier systemically in order to deliver drug to the specific type of cells, tissues or organs. Modulated release implies use of a drug delivery device that releases the drug under controlled environmental conditions, bio feedback, sensor input or an external control device at a variable rate. Controlled release refers to a specific device that delivers the drug at specific release profiles or at a predetermined rate into the patient body. 1.1 CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (CDDS) The nature of the controlled release dosage form is such that the release is determined by the design of the system and the physiochemical properties of the drug and is independent of the external factors or the microenvironment in which the dosage form is placed. These products typically provide significant benefits over immediate-release conventional dosage formulations. Optimum therapy with repetitive administration of conventional dosage forms (e.g. injectables, liquids or tablets) can classically be pursued by dosage scheduling. The aim of this process is to maintain drug concentration in a therapeutic range, above the minimum effective concentration and below the toxic concentration. Thus CDDS avoids the undesirable saw tooth characteristics of the plasma concentration vs time profiles of the conventional drug products. A diagrammatic illustration of controlled versus conventional dosage delivery is shown in Figure-1. Fig 1.1 Plasma Time profile of controlled drug release and conventional release The plasma concentration of the drug reaches a maximum (crest) with conventional dosage forms and then decrease (trough) at the point where repeated administrations becomes necessary to maintain the plasma drug concentration. Very often the initial concentration is above the therapeutically effective level that may increase the risk of side effects. Conventional dosage forms can thus result in a drug regimen in which the drug concentration oscillates between alternating periods of overdose and inefficiency. The delivery of drug at controlled rate over an extended period of time is represented mathematically: Rate in = Rate out = Ke x Cd x Vd Where Cd is the desired drug level, Vd is the volume of distribution and Ke rate content for drug elimination from the body. Added to this, the high cost of development of new, safe, specific and effective drug molecule is prohibitive and developing nations virtually cannot afford such integrated multi-group cost intensive drug development ventures. Therefore, many pharmaceutical industries and drug research institute oriented their efforts to develop pre-programmed unattended delivery of drug at a rate and for a period to meet and achieve the therapeutic need. These systems are coined as Controlled drug delivery systems Table 1.1 Classification of oral controlled release systems depending on mechanism of Release 3 (vyas etal,2002) 1.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF CONTROLLED RELEASE PRODUCTS 4 As controlled release dosage form are slightly expensive than conventional formulations, they cannot be justified unless they offer come clinical or practical advantages given below: Reduction in dosing frequency More uniform effect Reduced fluctuation in steady levels Increased safety margin of high potency drugs Improved patient convenience and compliance Reduced in total amount of dose administered Avoidance of night time dosing Reducing of GI irritation and other dose related side effects and Reduction in health care cost. 1.1.2.DISADVANTAGES OF CONTROLLED RELEASE PRODUCTS 4 However, controlled drug delivery systems also have some disadvantages. They include, High cost; Poor systemic availability; Unpredictable and often poor invitro-invivo correlation; Possibility of dose dumping; Dosage adjustments potential is reduced; First pass clearance potential is increased; In case of hypersensitivity reactions, toxicity or poisoning drug retrieval is difficult; Effect of oral dose depends on Mean Residence Time. To control or change the drug release from a dosage form there will be a number of design options. Most of the per oral controlled release dosage forms comes under the category of osmotic, matrix or reservoir systems. The polymer matrix contains embedded drug in matrix systems in which the release occurs by partitioning of drug into the release medium and polymer matrix. In case of reservoir systems a rate controlling membrane is surrounded and coated around the drug core. But, drug release from conventional controlled systems i.e., reservoir and matrix systems is affected by various factors like presence of food, pH and different physiological factors. In case of osmotic systems the drug is delivered based on the principles of osmotic pressure. The drug release from this system doesn’t depend on the pH and various physiological parameters and thus by optimizing the drug and systems properties the release characteristics can be modulated. 1.2. OSMOTIC DRUG DELLIVERY SYSTEMS – A REVIEW 1.2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In 1955 Rose and Nelson utilized the principles of osmotic pressure in drug delivery for the first time. They described two systems; one that delivered 0.02 ml/day for 100 days and another that delivered 0.5 ml/day for 4 days, both for use in Pharmacological research. In the 1970s, Higuchi and Leeper proposed a series of variations of the Rose-Nelson pump5. Theeuwes further modified the Rose-Nelson pump and developed a system. Small osmotic pumps of these forms are sold under the trade name ALZET (Alza Corp., CA). The device has a volume of approximately 170Â µl, and the normal delivery rate is 1Â µl/hr. A major milestone was achieved in 1974 with the description by Theeuwes and Alza’s co-workers of a tablet design composed of a compressed tablet-core surrounded by a semi permeable membrane with a single orifice, so-called Elementary osmotic pump (EOP). This design adaptation for human use was conveniently processable using standard tabletting and coating procedures and equipment. The first two products indomethacin, Osmosin6 and phenylpropanolamine, Acutrim TM6 were launched in the 1980s. Oral osmotic drug delivery system (OODS) development continued with two new OODS designs, the controlled-porosity osmotic pumps (CPOP) and the push-pull osmotic pumps (PPOP). The first of these was the CPOP, which was designed to decrease the risk of extremely localized drug-induced irritation at the site close to the orifice. In the 2000s, a new drug product based on OODS technology was formulated to deliver methylphenidate to children (above the age of 6 years) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These delivery systems were based on a new design, the push-stick osmotic pumps (PSOP), which combined immediate and sustained drug release phases. The drug release from this system doesn’t depend on the pH and various physiological parameters and thus by optimizing the drug and systems properties the release characteristics can be modulated. In the last few years more number of patents are granted on these oral omotic drug delivery systems. These systems has ability to improve therapeutic agents clinical profile and so they are becoming one of the most attractive technologies today. Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery system for the controlled delivery of active agents follows osmotic pressure principle. For the controlled drug delivery osmotic devices are most assured strategy based systems. Among the controlled drug delivery systems these are most reliable systems. Osmotic systems could be used in the form of implantable devices or oral drug delivery systems. Osmotic pump tablet (OPT) generally consists of a core including the drug, an osmotic agent, other excipients and semi-permeable membrane coat. 1.2.2. THEORY Osmosis can be defined as spontaneous movement of a solvent from a solution of lower solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration through an ideal semi permeable membrane, which is permeable only to the solvent and impermeable to solute. The pressure applied to the higher-concentration side to inhibit solvent flow is called osmotic pressure8. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, which depends on concentration of solute that contributes to osmotic pressure. Solutions of different concentrations having the same solute and solvent system exhibit an osmotic pressure proportional to their concentrations. Thus a constant osmotic pressure, and thereby a constant influx of water can be achieved by an osmotic delivery system that results in a constant zero order release rate of drug8. PRINCIPLE OF OSMOSIS An osmotic system releases a therapeutic agent at a predetermined, zero order delivery rate based on the principle of Osmosis, which is movement of a solvent from lower concentration of solute towards higher concentration of solute across a semi-permeable membrane. When osmotic system is administered, from the one or more delivery ports the drug that contain suspension or solutions is pumped out of the core due to the hydrostatic pressure developed by the imbibition of water in to the core osmotically through the semi-permeable membrane. By the water influx through semi-permeable membrane the delivery of drug from this system can be controlled. Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to temperature and concentration and the following equation describes the relation between them: ÃŽ   = ØcRT where OP = osmotic pressure, ÃŽ   = osmotic coefficient, c = molar concentration, R = gas constant, T = Absolute temperature. OSMOTIC PUMPS Osmotic pump is a new delivery device, which delivers drugs or other active agents at a controlled rate by the principle of osmosis. Control resides in the water permeation properties of the formulations Table: 1.2 Examples of some marketed band of Osmotic drug delivery system7 DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY, SVCPPAGE 1

Marriage Issues in Tom Jones Essay example -- Tom Jones Essays

Marriage Issues in Tom Jones      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout Tom Jones by Henry Fielding, there are many examples of marriage. There is Squire Western's marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Fitzpatrick's marriage, the mentions of Allworthy's wife, the marriage of Nightengale and Nancy, and the marriage of Nightengale's cousin and the clergyman, and finally the marriage of Tom and Sophia. Some of these marriages end with a happy ending and some do not and we, the reader, are supposed to look at these marriages and see why they went wrong or why they are good. Through all these examples of marriage, Fielding is urging us to question the current institution of marriage and what it is based on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fortune is a big issue in the book, especially when marriage is involved. Squire Western's wife's father married her off to the Squire against her will because of his fortune, and she became more of his servant than his wife. He treated her badly and they ended up hating each other.   Mr. Fitzpatrick also married his wife for her money, which is made evident by the letter sent to Mr. Fitzpatrick by Sam Cosgrave concerning Mr. Fitzpatrick's debt and Mrs. Fitzpatrick's "ready money" (379). Mr. Fitzpatrick and Mrs. Fitzpatrick grew to resent each other, he treated her horribly, and he spent all of her money. Using these examples, Fielding challenges the reader to question if money should be the foundation of marriage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Squire Western's marriage is prearranged by the Squire and Mrs. Western's father (just as he would like to do for Sophia). It was a tradition in this time for marriages to be prearranged by the parents according to fortune, title, etc. Women had no voice in whom they were to marry and the marriage became more of a t... ... Injustice and Oppression..."(575) and he likewise says in the book that no one should be married to each other except on the basis of love. Fielding is trying to get the point across to the readers that marriage should be based on love, not fortune, estate, or prearrangement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this book fielding gives the reader examples of how a marriage can be if it is prearranged with fortune in mind or how it can be when it is based on love. He challenges the reader to question the current institution of marriage and all it's faults. He, then, suggests a happy alternative through love.   In this book fielding is challenging his readers to think about the world around them and about issues such as injustice in marriage and oppression of women through marriage. Work Cited: Fielding, Henry.   The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling.   London: Penguin, 1966.